金洋科技分析現在的交通問題有哪些？

    隨著城市(shi)人口的增多(duo)和(he)汽車的增加(jia)，城市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問(wen)題(ti)日益突(tu)出(chu)。在許多(duo)大城市(shi)，由(you)于過量的汽車，經常導致(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)阻塞(sai)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)事故(gu)頻(pin)繁，大氣(qi)遭到污染等。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問(wen)題(ti)已經給(gei)城市(shi)社(she)會(hui)經濟發展帶來了嚴重影(ying)響(xiang)。一般認為，大城市(shi)主(zhu)要存在以下一些交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)問(wen)題(ti)。

　　1.交通阻塞

　　相對(dui)于道(dao)路(lu)(lu)網的(de)(de)承載力來說，汽(qi)車(che)(che)數(shu)量過多，誘發了交通阻(zu)塞(sai)問題。從某種程度(du)上說，交通阻(zu)塞(sai)是汽(qi)車(che)(che)社會的(de)(de)產物(wu)。在人們(men)上下班的(de)(de)高峰期，交通阻(zu)塞(sai)現象尤為(wei)明顯，在很多大(da)城(cheng)市中(zhong)心區，高峰期交通速(su)度(du)僅有每小時16km。交通阻(zu)塞(sai)導(dao)致時間和能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)浪費，影響城(cheng)市經濟(ji)的(de)(de)效率。大(da)城(cheng)市圈(quan)內的(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)還在繼續建(jian)設，汽(qi)車(che)(che)數(shu)量也進一步增(zeng)加，道(dao)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)建(jian)設和汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加有可能(neng)形成惡性(xing)循環，導(dao)致更為(wei)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)交通阻(zu)塞(sai)。

　　2.交(jiao)通(tong)事故

　　交通事(shi)故是許多(duo)大城(cheng)(cheng)市存(cun)在的(de)日趨嚴重的(de)問(wen)題。表(biao)12-1列出了不同國(guo)家(jia)部分特(te)大城(cheng)(cheng)市地區道(dao)路交通事(shi)故數(shu)字。表(biao)中僅(jin)統計了死(si)(si)亡人數(shu)，實際上，還有大量(liang)非致(zhi)命交通事(shi)故。交通事(shi)故不但導致(zhi)了對貴重醫療設施需求的(de)增加，而(er)且(qie)使(shi)受傷(shang)者(zhe)痛苦不堪(kan)。據統計，僅(jin)1978年，美國(guo)就有52 653人死(si)(si)于機(ji)動車事(shi)故。

　　3.公共(gong)交通問題(ti)

　　公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)問題主要表(biao)現在(zai)(zai)：①由于對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)投資(zi)不(bu)足(zu)，致(zhi)使(shi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)值期人們對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)大于供(gong)給，造(zao)成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)擁(yong)擠(ji)；②由于對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)波動大，高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)期過于擁(yong)擠(ji)，而非高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)期使(shi)用(yong)又不(bu)充分，收入(ru)(ru)銳(rui)減。高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)間和非高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)間公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)是一(yi)對(dui)難(nan)以解決的(de)矛盾。如果增加投資(zi)來(lai)滿足(zu)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)期人們對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，那么，在(zai)(zai)非高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)間，這些(xie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)設施(shi)(shi)大部分將處于閑(xian)置狀態(tai)，造(zao)成(cheng)浪費。近年來(lai)，許多國家出(chu)現嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)財(cai)政赤字(zi)，因(yin)而無能(neng)力對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)進(jin)行大規模(mo)投資(zi)，致(zhi)使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)設施(shi)(shi)陳舊，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具數量(liang)減少(shao)，服務(wu)質(zhi)量(liang)降低。其結果，在(zai)(zai)發達國家，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具依賴(lai)性較大的(de)低收入(ru)(ru)階 層是一(yi)個打擊，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)又促進(jin)了(le)中產階 級甚至低收入(ru)(ru)階 層對(dui)小(xiao)汽(qi)車的(de)依賴(lai)性。這又使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)進(jin)一(yi)步萎縮，形成(cheng)惡性循環。在(zai)(zai)發展中國家，則使(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)擁(yong)擠(ji)現象更(geng)為嚴(yan)重(zhong)，從而加劇了(le)城市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)問題。

　　4.步(bu)行者問題（包括(kuo)騎自行車者

　　在世界上絕大多數(shu)城市(shi)，尤其是(shi)發展中(zhong)國家(jia)的(de)城市(shi)，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)騎自行(xing)(xing)(xing)車(che)(che)仍(reng)是(shi)一(yi)種重要的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)方式，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)通(tong)量(liang)仍(reng)很大。據調查，在倫敦(dun)南(nan)部，人(ren)們(men)上下(xia)班(ban)之外(wai)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程中(zhong)，50％以上的(de)人(ren)是(shi)靠步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。貧窮(qiong)城市(shi)的(de)人(ren)們(men)常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)因為公共交(jiao)通(tong)的(de)票價太(tai)昂貴。現在很多城市(shi)都在為改善道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)規劃，如加寬機動車(che)(che)道(dao)(dao)，但卻(que)很少(shao)考慮(lv)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)的(de)需求，因此步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)的(de)易達性很差，步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)設施缺乏(fa)，如在一(yi)些(xie)城市(shi)，人(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)變窄了(le)，交(jiao)通(tong)安全島取消(xiao)了(le)，不設置穿越馬路(lu)的(de)綠燈信號，機動車(che)(che)輛被允許停(ting)放在人(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)上或(huo)道(dao)(dao)旁，這些(xie)都給步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)帶來(lai)麻煩和危險(xian)。步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)還必須(xu)忍受噪(zao)聲、煙(yan)霧(wu)、汽油味等。現在，很多大城市(shi)已(yi)開始著手解(jie)決步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)問題，如在中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)商(shang)業(ye)區一(yi)些(xie)重要街道(dao)(dao)上禁止車(che)(che)輛通(tong)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，設為步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)街或(huo)步(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)區；在市(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)除公共汽車(che)(che)外(wai)，其他車(che)(che)輛白天均不得通(tong)過等。但解(jie)決的(de)步(bu)(bu)伐(fa)還邁(mai)得很小(xiao)。

　　5.停車問題(ti)

　　汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)并非總(zong)處于(yu)(yu)運動之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)。當(dang)它們處于(yu)(yu)靜(jing)止狀態時，就(jiu)要占(zhan)據一 定空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)越多(duo)(duo)，占(zhan)據的(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)越大(da)。在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)，人(ren)(ren)多(duo)(duo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)多(duo)(duo)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)少(shao)，停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)與汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)數(shu)量很不(bu)相稱，停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)也(ye)困難。盡管(guan)近十多(duo)(duo)年來(lai)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)建了(le)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)多(duo)(duo)層(ceng)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)，但(dan)(dan)仍滿足不(bu)了(le)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)需求(qiu)。很多(duo)(duo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)頒布了(le)法(fa)令，限制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)，以控制(zhi)進入(ru)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)數(shu)量。有一些(xie)(xie)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)制(zhi)定了(le)“停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)一乘車(che)(che)(che)(che)”計劃，在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)外圍建若干處停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)司機只能將(jiang)(jiang)車(che)(che)(che)(che)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)車(che)(che)(che)(che)場(chang)內，然后乘公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)進入(ru)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)。但(dan)(dan)這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)措施并沒有解(jie)決(jue)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)問題(ti)。有學者(zhe)提出(chu)，應重新(xin)認識大(da)型公(gong)共交(jiao)通工具的(de)價值。美國政(zheng)府曾在(zai)(zai)70年代中(zhong)(zhong)期制(zhi)定過一個方(fang)案，迫使個人(ren)(ren)使用公(gong)共汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)來(lai)代替小汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。但(dan)(dan)很多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)認為，這(zhe)個方(fang)案的(de)實施會減少(shao)家庭小汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)數(shu)量，從而(er)改(gai)變消(xiao)費(fei)模式，減少(shao)就(jiu)業(ye)機會。于(yu)(yu)是，失業(ye)、福利、職業(ye)培訓和貧困等問題(ti)隨之(zhi)出(chu)現(xian)。發(fa)展(zhan)公(gong)共交(jiao)通還需要政(zheng)府大(da)量補貼(tie)，其結果將(jiang)(jiang)限制(zhi)解(jie)決(jue)其它問題(ti)資金的(de)流動，或(huo)者(zhe)被迫增加稅率。高(gao)稅率將(jiang)(jiang)使貨(huo)幣從個人(ren)(ren)手(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)分配到政(zheng)府手(shou)里，從而(er)可能造(zao)成(cheng)社會經濟體(ti)系變化，也(ye)增加了(le)政(zheng)治不(bu)穩定性。因此，如(ru)何有效(xiao)地解(jie)決(jue)停(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)問題(ti)仍在(zai)(zai)探討中(zhong)(zhong)。

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    金洋，以民族智能交通技術趕超世界先進水平為己任，歷經四十余年執著探索、開拓創新，現已成為交通領域數字化、信息化和智慧化的領軍企業，產品遠銷海外。金洋將持續為建設國際一 流的現代化企業而奮進！

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